This will be discussed in detail and is the main focus of this review. Autosomal dominant risk factors implicated with PD were first found in the SNCA gene that encodes αS, the primary component of Lewy bodies that are characteristic of all synucleinopathies. Interestingly, tobacco, coffee, black tea, and a few pharmaceuticals including statins, calcium channel blockers and ibuprofen, have shown some evidence of neuroprotective properties in a few studies. Environmental risk factors include pesticides (specifically organochlorines) and ambient air pollution. This region of the brain is involved in coordinating movement, sending signals down the spinal cord to control muscle contraction, meaning that damage to this region can compromise signalling, leading to the physical symptoms of PD.Ī wide range of both environmental and genetic risk factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. PD is thought to be largely caused by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, located in the basal ganglia of the brain. The neuropsychiatric symptoms, which occur at later stages of the disease, manifest as cognitive defects, specifically slowness, disrupted sleep, and sensory disturbances, leading to suffers becoming passive and withdrawn. The physical symptoms include slow imprecise movements (bradykinesia), tremors at rest, rigidity, facial paucity (hypomimia), shuffling gait, difficulty walking, freezing and postural instability. The disease has a mean onset of 55 years old and exhibits both physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease, which accounts for approximately 15% of all dementia cases, and is the second most common form of neurodegeneration to Alzheimer’s disease.
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